es_ES ES
es_ES ES en_US EN pt_PT PT fr_FR FR ru_RU RU
Seleccionar página
  1. Inicio
  2. Noticias
  3. What Paper is Used in Food Packaging: An Expert Guide to 7 Key Types in 2026

What Paper is Used in Food Packaging: An Expert Guide to 7 Key Types in 2026

Dic 31, 2025

Resumen

The selection of paper for food packaging is a multifaceted decision, governed by considerations of product safety, material functionality, and environmental sustainability. This document examines the principal types of paper utilized in the food industry as of 2026, providing a detailed analysis of their composition, manufacturing processes, and specific applications. It explores materials such as Kraft paper, Solid Bleached Sulfate (SBS), greaseproof paper, parchment, wax paper, paperboard, and corrugated board. For each type, the text evaluates key performance properties including basis weight, resistance to moisture and grease, printability, and structural integrity. The discussion also contextualizes these materials within the prevailing regulatory frameworks of the United States (FDA) and the European Union, highlighting the importance of food-grade certification. Furthermore, the analysis addresses the end-of-life pathways for these packaging materials, including their recyclability and compostability, reflecting the industry's significant shift toward a circular economy. The role of functional coatings, both traditional and bio-based, is also assessed as a critical component in enhancing paper's barrier properties. This comprehensive overview serves as a foundational guide for professionals navigating the complexities of paper-based food packaging choices.

Principales conclusiones

  • Ensure packaging complies with FDA and EU food-contact regulations.
  • Match paper properties like grease resistance to your specific food product.
  • Consider sustainable sourcing, like FSC-certified materials, for your brand.
  • Understand what paper is used in food packaging to balance cost and performance.
  • Evaluate end-of-life options such as recyclability or compostability.
  • Collaborate with suppliers to customize packaging for optimal protection.
  • Choose coatings like PLA for a compostable alternative to traditional PE.

Índice

The Foundational Role of Paper in Modern Food Packaging

When we walk through a grocery store or pick up a takeaway meal, we interact with an array of packaging materials. For decades, plastic held a dominant position, prized for its low cost plus versatility. Yet, a profound shift is underway. As we progress through 2026, the question is not merely what can contain our food, but how that container reflects our values concerning planetary health. Paper, a material derived from a renewable resource, has re-emerged as a central figure in this narrative, answering the call for more sustainable solutions.

Think of this movement as a collective course correction. We are moving away from a linear model of "take, make, dispose" toward a circular one where materials are reused, recycled, or returned safely to the earth. Paper and paperboard packaging are at the heart of this transition, offering a tangible connection to a more responsible way of consuming.

A Shift from Plastic to Paper: The Sustainability Imperative

The impetus behind the migration to paper is rooted in a growing public and regulatory consciousness about environmental impact. The persistence of plastic waste in oceans and landfills has become a pressing global issue, prompting consumers to favor brands that demonstrate environmental stewardship (European Commission, 2022). This consumer preference is not merely a trend; it is a powerful market force. Brands that ignore it risk losing relevance, while those that embrace it can build deeper loyalty.

Legislative bodies in both the USA and Europe have responded with measures aimed at curbing single-use plastic. For example, directives promoting recyclability plus the use of recycled content are reshaping how companies design their packaging. Paper, with its high recycling rates in many regions, presents an attractive alternative. Its fibers can be re-pulped multiple times, participating in a circular economy that minimizes waste. This gives it a significant advantage over many single-use plastics whose end-of-life pathways are often more complex or non-existent.

Defining "Food-Grade": Safety, Compliance, and Consumer Trust

Not all paper is created equal, especially when it comes to direct contact with food. The term "food-grade" is a critical designation that signifies a material is safe for its intended purpose. It is a promise to the consumer that the packaging will not transfer harmful substances to their food in quantities that could endanger human health or bring about an unacceptable change in the food's composition, taste, or odor.

Imagine the paper as a silent guardian for your food. To be an effective guardian, it must be free from contaminants. Food-grade paper is manufactured using processes that minimize or eliminate harmful chemicals. The pulp sources, processing aids, dyes, and any functional coatings must all meet stringent purity standards. Companies demonstrate this compliance through rigorous testing and certifications, such as those from the British Retail Consortium (BRC) or compliance with ISO 22000, a food safety management standard (nanwangpaperbag.com). This verification is not just a bureaucratic step; it is the bedrock of consumer trust. When a customer sees packaging they know is safe, their confidence in the product it contains grows.

Operating in the global marketplace of 2026 requires a deep understanding of two primary regulatory frameworks: the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union (EU) regulations. While both share the same fundamental goal of consumer safety, their approaches differ.

In the United States, the FDA governs food contact materials under Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Specifically, parts 174-178 list substances that are permitted for use in food packaging. A material is considered food-safe if its components are either on this approved list, are "Generally Recognized As Safe" (GRAS), or have been cleared by a Food Contact Notification (FCN).

The European Union's approach is anchored by the Framework Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004, which sets out the general principles of safety for all food contact materials. It states that materials must not transfer their constituents to food in quantities that could endanger human health or change the food's properties. Beyond this framework, specific measures exist for certain materials. For paper and board, while a harmonized EU-wide measure is still developing, many member states rely on recommendations from bodies like Germany's Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) or the Council of Europe's Resolution on paper and board.

For any business, navigating these regulations is non-negotiable. It involves working with suppliers who can provide documentation and declarations of compliance, ensuring that every component of the packaging, from the paper fiber to the printing ink, is safe for food contact in the intended markets.

Understanding Key Properties of Food Packaging Papers

Before we can explore the specific types of paper, it is essential to build a foundational vocabulary. Think of it like learning the key terms in a science class before conducting an experiment. Understanding these properties will empower you to ask the right questions and make informed decisions when selecting packaging. What paper is used in food packaging depends entirely on matching these properties to the product's needs.

Basis Weight (Grammage): The Foundation of Strength

One of the most fundamental properties of paper is its basis weight, often referred to as grammage. It is expressed in grams per square meter (g/m² or gsm). Imagine holding a single sheet of office copy paper (typically around 80 gsm) versus a piece of cardstock for a greeting card (perhaps 250 gsm). The difference in heft, stiffness, and perceived strength is immediately apparent.

This property is a primary indicator of the paper's thickness and density. A higher basis weight generally correlates with greater tensile strength, tear resistance, and stiffness. For a simple grocery bag designed to carry dry goods, a lighter Kraft paper of 70-100 gsm might suffice. For a premium folding carton containing a bottle of olive oil, a much heavier paperboard of 250-400 gsm is necessary to provide structural support and protection. Choosing the right basis weight is a balancing act between ensuring product protection, managing material costs, and considering the environmental footprint of using more fiber.

Resistance Properties: Battling Grease, Moisture, and Oxygen

Food is a complex substance. It can be wet, oily, or sensitive to air. The paper that contains it must act as a barrier, protecting the food from the environment and the environment from the food. Several key resistance properties are measured:

  • Grease Resistance: This is vital for packaging fast food, baked goods, or anything with a high fat content. Papers are often treated or manufactured in a specific way to prevent oil from seeping through, which would compromise the package's integrity and appearance. The level of resistance is often measured using a "KIT test," where solutions with varying levels of oil repellency are applied to the paper's surface.
  • Moisture Resistance: For packaging fresh produce, frozen foods, or beverages, preventing water or condensation from weakening the paper is critical. This property is often achieved through special coatings or sizing agents added during the papermaking process.
  • Oxygen Barrier: While not as common for paper alone, limiting oxygen transmission is important for extending the shelf life of certain products like coffee or snacks by preventing staleness or spoilage. This high-level barrier is typically achieved by laminating the paper with other materials like aluminum foil or specialized plastic films.

The Role of Coatings and Laminations (PE, PLA, Wax)

Pure paper fiber is inherently porous. To achieve the necessary resistance properties, especially for liquids and very greasy foods, coatings are applied. Think of a coating as a raincoat for the paper.

Coating Type Description Propiedades clave Perfil de sostenibilidad Usos comunes
Polyethylene (PE) A petroleum-based plastic film laminated onto the paper. Excellent moisture barrier, durable, heat-sealable. Recyclable in specialized facilities but complicates paper recycling. Not compostable. Coffee cups, soup containers, frozen food boxes.
Polylactic Acid (PLA) A bioplastic derived from plant starches like corn or sugarcane. Good moisture barrier, heat-sealable. Industrially compostable under specific conditions. Not recyclable with paper. Coffee cups, cold drink cups, takeaway food containers.
Wax (Paraffin/Soy) A thin layer of wax is applied to the paper surface. Good moisture and moderate grease resistance. Can be compostable if plant-based (soy). Complicates paper recycling. Deli paper, cereal box liners, butcher wrap.
Aqueous Coatings Water-based polymer dispersions applied to the paper. Can provide grease and moisture resistance. Often fluorine-free. Generally considered more easily repulpable and recyclable than extruded plastic coatings. Takeaway boxes, paper plates, food trays.

The choice of coating is a critical decision point where functionality and sustainability intersect. While PE has been the long-standing industry standard for liquid containment, PLA has gained significant traction as a compostable alternative. Aqueous coatings are a rapidly developing area, offering a promising path to improved recyclability for a wide range of applications.

Type 1: Kraft Paper – The Strong, Natural Workhorse

When you think of a classic paper bag, you are most likely picturing Kraft paper. Its familiar brown color and robust feel have made it a staple in packaging for over a century. The name "Kraft" comes from the German word for "strength," which perfectly encapsulates its primary virtue. It is the reliable, unpretentious foundation of the paper packaging world.

What is Kraft Paper? The Pulping Process Explained

The strength of Kraft paper originates from its manufacturing method, known as the Kraft process (or sulfate process). Let's break this down. Wood is primarily composed of two things: cellulose fibers (which give paper its structure) and lignin (a natural glue that holds the fibers together). The goal of pulping is to separate the cellulose fibers from the lignin.

Imagine you are trying to get individual threads from a tightly woven fabric. You need to dissolve the material holding them together. The Kraft process "cooks" wood chips in an alkaline solution, primarily containing sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. This chemical bath is highly effective at dissolving the lignin and other impurities while leaving the long, strong cellulose fibers largely intact. Because this process is less destructive to the fibers compared to other methods, the resulting paper has superior tensile strength and tear resistance.

A noteworthy benefit of the Kraft process is its circularity. The chemicals used in the pulping process can be recovered and reused with high efficiency, minimizing chemical waste and making it a more closed-loop system than older pulping methods.

Virgin vs. Recycled Kraft: A Sustainability Comparison

Kraft paper can be made from either virgin pulp (from freshly harvested trees) or recycled pulp (from post-consumer paper waste).

  • Virgin Kraft: Made from fresh wood pulp, this paper boasts the longest and strongest fibers. It offers the highest level of strength and durability, making it ideal for heavy-duty applications like cement sacks or multiwall bags for bulk goods. When sourced from responsibly managed forests, such as those certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), virgin Kraft can be a sustainable choice, as it comes from a renewable resource where new trees are planted to replace those harvested.
  • Recycled Kraft: This paper is made from re-pulped cardboard boxes and other paper waste. The recycling process shortens the cellulose fibers, which means recycled Kraft is generally not as strong as its virgin counterpart. However, it offers significant environmental benefits by diverting waste from landfills and reducing the demand for virgin resources. It is perfectly suitable for applications where maximum strength is not the primary concern, such as void fill, shopping bags for lighter items, or inner wraps.

Many products today use a blend of virgin and recycled fibers to achieve a balance of strength, cost, and sustainability credentials.

Common Applications: From Grocery Bags to Flour Sacks

The inherent strength and cost-effectiveness of Kraft paper make it incredibly versatile. Its applications are widespread:

  • Paper Bags: This is the most iconic use, ranging from simple Self-Opening Sack (SOS) bags for lunches to large grocery bags with handles.
  • Wraps and Liners: It is used as a wrap for sandwiches and subs, or as a liner for trays and baskets in fast-food settings.
  • Pouch Packaging: Coated or laminated Kraft paper is formed into stand-up pouches for products like coffee beans, granola, or pet treats.
  • Multiwall Sacks: For industrial and bulk food applications, multiple layers of Kraft paper are combined to create robust sacks for flour, sugar, seeds, and animal feed.
  • E-commerce Mailers: Padded mailers and gusseted paper bags made from Kraft are increasingly replacing plastic bubble mailers for shipping non-fragile goods.

Strengths and Limitations of Kraft Paper Packaging

Kraft paper's primary strength is, well, its strength. It provides excellent protection for a low material cost. Its natural, earthy appearance is also seen as a marketing advantage for brands wanting to project an organic or rustic image.

However, uncoated Kraft paper has limitations. It is porous and offers very little resistance to moisture or grease. A wet product will quickly compromise its integrity, and oily food will seep through. To overcome this, Kraft paper is almost always paired with a functional coating (like PE or PLA) or an internal greaseproof liner when used for anything other than dry goods. This modification, while necessary for performance, can affect its end-of-life processing, a key consideration for any packaging choice.

Type 2: Bleached Paper (Solid Bleached Sulfate – SBS) – The Premium Choice

If Kraft paper is the strong, silent workhorse, then Solid Bleached Sulfate (SBS) paper is the polished, premium performer. Where Kraft paper is known for its natural brown look, SBS is defined by its clean, bright white appearance. This difference is not merely aesthetic; it unlocks a new range of possibilities for high-impact branding and packaging applications where a pristine surface is paramount.

The Bleaching Process: From Brown Pulp to Bright White

SBS paper starts its life in much the same way as Kraft paper, using the same sulfate pulping process that preserves fiber length and strength. The key difference lies in the subsequent stages. After the initial pulping, the brown pulp undergoes a multi-stage bleaching process to remove the remaining residual lignin, which is the component that gives unbleached pulp its color.

Historically, this was done using elemental chlorine, which created harmful byproducts called dioxins. Today, the industry has largely shifted to safer methods:

  • Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF): This is the most common method used today. It replaces elemental chlorine with chlorine dioxide, a compound that significantly reduces the formation of harmful dioxins by over 90% (CEPI, 2018).
  • Totally Chlorine Free (TCF): This method avoids all chlorine compounds, instead using oxygen-based agents like oxygen, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide for bleaching. While considered the most environmentally benign bleaching process, it can be more expensive and result in slightly lower brightness and strength compared to ECF.

The result of this process is a pure, white pulp that can be formed into a smooth, high-quality paperboard.

Superior Printability and Aesthetics for Branding

The primary advantage of SBS is its superior surface. The bright white, smooth, and uniform finish provides an excellent canvas for printing. Think of it as the difference between painting on a brown paper bag versus a primed artist's canvas. SBS allows for vibrant colors, sharp graphics, and high-resolution images to be reproduced with exceptional clarity and fidelity.

This makes it the material of choice for brands that rely on visual appeal to attract customers. The clean white surface also conveys a sense of purity, hygiene, and quality, which is particularly important for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. It can be easily embossed, foil-stamped, or given other special finishes to create a premium tactile experience.

Applications in High-End Food Packaging: Cosmetics, Frozen Foods

You will find SBS used in applications where package appearance is a key part of the product's value proposition:

  • Frozen Food Boxes: The strength of SBS holds up well in cold, moist environments, and its smooth surface is perfect for printing appetizing images of the food inside.
  • Chocolate and Confectionery Boxes: Premium sweets are often packaged in elegant SBS cartons that use high-quality printing and finishes to signal a luxury product.
  • Takeaway Containers: Many high-quality clamshells or food boxes for gourmet burgers or meals are made from poly-coated SBS, offering both structural rigidity and a great surface for branding.
  • Paper Cups: Both hot and cold beverage cups are frequently made from SBS, as its purity is ideal for direct food contact and its white surface is perfect for printing logos and promotional messages.
  • Bakery Boxes: Cartons for cakes, pastries, and donuts use SBS to provide a clean, hygienic presentation.
Característica Papel Kraft Solid Bleached Sulfate (SBS) Paper
Appearance Natural brown, rustic look Bright white, clean, premium look
Proceso de fabricación de la pasta Sulfate (Kraft) process Sulfate (Kraft) process, followed by bleaching
Fuerza Very high tensile and tear strength High strength, very good stiffness and rigidity
Imprimibilidad Good for simple, bold graphics; colors can be muted Excellent for high-resolution, full-color printing
Usos comunes Grocery bags, flour sacks, e-commerce mailers, sandwich wrap Frozen food boxes, beverage cups, cosmetic cartons, bakery boxes
Coste Generally lower cost Generally higher cost due to extra processing
Perceived Image Natural, organic, eco-conscious Premium, clean, hygienic, high-quality

Environmental Considerations of Bleaching Methods (ECF vs. TCF)

The conversation around bleached paper inevitably involves its environmental profile. The move from traditional chlorine bleaching to ECF and TCF methods has been a monumental step forward for the industry in terms of reducing water pollution. When considering SBS, it is important for a brand to understand which bleaching method was used. Sourcing ECF or, ideally, TCF paper from a supplier is a key part of a responsible sourcing strategy.

Like Kraft paper, the sustainability of SBS is also heavily dependent on the source of its wood fiber. Opting for SBS that is FSC or PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) certified ensures that the raw material comes from forests that are managed in an environmentally sound, socially beneficial, and economically viable manner.

Type 3: Greaseproof Paper – The Barrier Against Oils

We have all experienced it: the translucent stain on a paper bag from a fresh pastry or a serving of fries. This is precisely the problem that greaseproof paper is designed to solve. As its name suggests, its primary function is to resist the penetration of fats, oils, and grease. It is the specialized defender against one of the most common enemies of paper packaging, ensuring that the package remains clean, strong, and appealing.

How is Greaseproof Paper Made? The Refining Process

The magic of greaseproof paper does not typically come from a coating, but from the physical structure of the paper itself. It is created through a process of intense mechanical treatment of the cellulose fibers.

Think of raw paper pulp as a pile of uncooked spaghetti—the fibers are relatively stiff and there are large gaps between them. To make greaseproof paper, this pulp is subjected to a process called "supercalendering." The pulp is beaten and refined for an extended period, which makes the fibers swell and become very pliable. When this highly refined pulp is then pressed and dried into a sheet, the fibers pack together extremely tightly, creating a very dense, non-porous surface. This dense structure, known as a "glassine" finish, physically prevents oil molecules from finding a path through the paper. It is a barrier created by mechanical means, not chemical ones.

Understanding Grease Resistance: The KIT Test

The effectiveness of greaseproof paper is not just a matter of opinion; it is scientifically measured. The industry standard is the "3M KIT test." This test involves applying numbered solutions containing a mixture of castor oil, toluene, and heptane to the paper's surface. Each solution has a different level of aggressiveness. The "KIT number" assigned to the paper is the highest-numbered solution that can remain on the surface for 15 seconds without causing a stain.

A higher KIT number indicates greater grease resistance. For example, a paper with a KIT rating of 5 might be suitable for a cookie bag, while a wrapping for a greasy fried chicken piece might require a paper with a KIT rating of 8 or higher. This standardized test allows packaging designers to precisely match the paper's performance to the food product's needs.

Ideal Uses: Fast Food Wrappers, Bakery Liners, Pet Food Bags

Greaseproof paper is indispensable in many food service applications:

  • Fast Food Wrappers: It is used to wrap burgers, burritos, and other items to contain grease and keep the customer's hands clean.
  • Bakery Bags and Liners: Small bags for donuts, croissants, and other pastries are often made from greaseproof paper. It is also used as liners for bakery boxes.
  • Deli and Butcher Wrap: It is used to wrap cheeses and cured meats, preventing their natural oils from transferring.
  • Butter and Margarine Wraps: The inner wrap for sticks of butter is a classic example of greaseproof paper at work.
  • Pet Food Bags: The inner liner of many dry pet food bags is made of greaseproof paper to contain the fats and oils present in the kibble, preventing the outer paper layers from becoming stained and weakened.

The Rise of Fluorine-Free Greaseproof Paper in 2026

For many years, an alternative way to achieve grease resistance was through the addition of chemical compounds known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These chemicals are extremely effective at repelling oil and water. However, growing concerns about their persistence in the environment and potential health effects have led to significant regulatory and consumer pressure to phase them out (U.S. EPA, 2023).

As of 2026, there is a major industry-wide shift toward fluorine-free greaseproof papers. This has spurred innovation in two areas:

  1. Improvements in Mechanical Greaseproofing: Papermakers are refining the supercalendering process to create even denser sheets that achieve high KIT ratings without any chemical additives.
  2. Development of New Coatings: New, environmentally benign, and repulpable barrier coatings are being developed to provide grease resistance. These are often water-based or use natural polymers.

For businesses in the USA and Europe, specifying fluorine-free greaseproof paper is no longer just a preference; it is becoming a market and regulatory necessity. Working with a supplier that can provide certified fluorine-free options is critical for brand safety and compliance. Many modern bolsas de papel ecológicas are now designed with these advanced fluorine-free barriers.

Type 4: Parchment Paper (Baking Paper) – The Non-Stick Specialist

Anyone who has ever baked cookies on a bare metal sheet knows the frustration of scraping them off, sometimes leaving half the cookie behind. Parchment paper is the simple, elegant solution to this problem. It is a specialized paper designed to provide a heat-resistant, non-stick surface, making it an essential tool in both home kitchens and commercial bakeries.

The Science of Silicone: Creating a Release Surface

The non-stick quality of parchment paper comes from an ultra-thin coating of silicone. It is crucial to understand that this is not the same as the silicone used in rubbery spatulas or bakeware. The silicone used for coating paper is a fluid that is applied to the surface and then cured with heat to form a cross-linked, solid, and inert layer.

Let's visualize this at a microscopic level. The surface of paper, even smooth paper, is full of tiny peaks and valleys where food can get stuck. The silicone coating fills in these imperfections and creates an exceptionally smooth, low-energy surface. Food, particularly batters and doughs, has very little to "grab onto," allowing it to release cleanly after baking.

This silicone layer is also responsible for parchment's other key properties. It is highly heat-resistant, typically safe for use in ovens up to 425-450°F (220-230°C). It also provides a good barrier against grease and moisture, though that is not its primary function.

Parchment vs. Wax Paper: A Common Point of Confusion

Parchment paper and wax paper are often confused, but they are not interchangeable, especially when heat is involved. Their key difference lies in their coatings and melting points.

  • Parchment Paper: Coated with silicone. It is heat-resistant and designed for use in ovens.
  • Wax Paper: Coated with paraffin or soybean wax. The wax has a low melting point and will melt, smoke, and potentially ignite in an oven.

Using wax paper in place of parchment for baking is a common kitchen mistake that can ruin your food and create a fire hazard. Wax paper is excellent for tasks at room temperature or in the refrigerator, but it should never be exposed to the direct heat of an oven.

Applications Beyond Baking: Interleaving and Fatty Food Wraps

While its most famous role is lining baking sheets, parchment paper's release properties make it useful in other contexts:

  • Baking Liners: Beyond cookies, it is used to line cake pans and loaf tins to ensure easy removal of the finished product.
  • Interleaving: In food service and processing, sheets of parchment are used to separate slices of cheese, patties of meat, or portions of sticky confectionery. This prevents them from sticking together during storage and makes them easy to handle.
  • "En Papillote" Cooking: This classic French technique involves sealing fish or vegetables in a pouch made of parchment paper and baking it. The pouch traps steam, gently cooking the food inside in its own juices.
  • Wrapping Fatty Foods: Because it is grease-resistant, it can be used to wrap high-fat items for short-term storage or transport, though it is a more expensive option than standard greaseproof or wax paper.

Is Parchment Paper Recyclable or Compostable?

The end-of-life for parchment paper is a nuanced topic. The silicone coating, while incredibly thin, is a contaminant in the standard paper recycling stream. For this reason, most municipal recycling programs do not accept parchment paper.

Its compostability depends on the specific product. Unbleached parchment paper that is not heavily soiled with grease can often be composted in home or industrial composting systems. The paper fibers will break down, leaving behind the inert silicone, which decomposes very slowly into silica (sand), carbon dioxide, and water. However, bleached parchment paper or paper that is heavily saturated with oils can be problematic for some compost systems.

Some manufacturers now offer parchment paper that is certified compostable by organizations like the Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI). For brands looking to make a sustainability claim, using a certified compostable parchment paper is the most transparent and verifiable approach.

Type 5: Wax Paper – The Classic Moisture Barrier

Long before the advent of modern plastic films and specialized coatings, wax paper was the go-to material for protecting food from moisture. It represents one of the earliest and simplest methods of enhancing paper's functionality. By coating a base paper with a thin layer of wax, a cost-effective and effective moisture barrier is created, making it a familiar presence in kitchens and delis for generations.

The Waxing Process: Coating for Moisture Repellency

The production of wax paper is straightforward. A thin, smooth base paper, often a lightweight tissue or glassine-type paper, is passed through a bath of melted wax or has wax applied via rollers. The wax impregnates the fibers and coats the surface.

Historically, the wax used was paraffin wax, a byproduct of petroleum refining. It is inert, non-toxic, and creates an excellent barrier against water. As sustainability has become a greater focus, plant-based waxes, particularly soybean wax, have emerged as a popular alternative. Soy wax is derived from a renewable resource and offers comparable performance for many applications.

The principle is simple: oil (wax) and water do not mix. The waxy surface prevents water from being absorbed by the paper's cellulose fibers, which would otherwise cause the paper to lose its strength and fall apart.

Limitations in Heat Applications

As discussed in the previous section, the most significant limitation of wax paper is its low tolerance for heat. The melting point of paraffin wax is typically between 120-150°F (49-65°C). In a hot oven, this wax will quickly melt and smoke, imparting an unpleasant flavor to food and creating a potential fire risk. This is the single most important distinction between wax paper and parchment paper. Wax paper is for cold applications only.

Common Uses: Cereal Box Liners, Sandwich Wraps, Deli Paper

Despite its heat limitations, wax paper remains highly useful for a variety of food packaging and handling tasks that occur at room temperature or under refrigeration.

  • Lining and Wrapping: It is excellent for wrapping sandwiches, subs, and other items to keep them from drying out. It is also used as a liner for countertops when kneading dough or decorating cookies, providing a non-stick surface that makes cleanup easy.
  • Deli and Butcher Paper: Sheets of wax paper are used to wrap individual portions of meat or cheese, preventing them from sticking to each other or drying out in the display case.
  • Cereal Box Liners: The crinkly bag inside a box of cereal is often made of wax paper. Its job is to protect the cereal from moisture in the air, which would make it go stale.
  • Confectionery: It is used to wrap individual candies like taffy or caramels, preventing them from sticking to the wrapper.
  • Interleaving: Similar to parchment, it can be used to separate layers of baked goods or other items for storage in the refrigerator or freezer.

End-of-Life Considerations for Waxed Papers

The recyclability of wax paper is a point of contention. The wax coating is considered a contaminant in most paper recycling facilities. During the re-pulping process, the wax does not dissolve in water like paper fibers do. Instead, it can melt and gum up the machinery or create spots and imperfections in the new paper product. For this reason, the majority of municipalities instruct residents to place wax paper in the trash.

The compostability of wax paper depends on the type of wax used. Paper coated with petroleum-based paraffin wax is not considered compostable. However, paper coated with 100% soy wax or other certified plant-based waxes can be composted in many home and industrial systems, provided it is not heavily contaminated with food waste. Brands that use plant-based wax paper often highlight this feature as a key sustainability benefit.

Type 6: Paperboard – The Structural Backbone of Packaging

When we move from wrapping a sandwich to boxing a product, we enter the realm of paperboard. Paperboard is essentially a thicker, stiffer version of paper, generally defined as having a basis weight of over 224 gsm (10 points). It is the material that gives structure, rigidity, and protection to countless food products, from your morning cereal to a frozen pizza. It is the skeleton of food packaging.

Folding Boxboard (FBB), Solid Bleached Board (SBB), and Solid Unbleached Board (SUB)

Paperboard is not a single entity but a family of materials, each with its own structure and characteristics. The main types used in food packaging are:

  • Solid Bleached Board (SBB or SBS): As we discussed earlier, this is made from bleached chemical pulp. It is a premium, high-purity grade with a white surface on both sides, excellent printability, and good stiffness. It is used for high-end packaging where appearance and purity are key, like chocolate boxes or cosmetic cartons.
  • Folding Boxboard (FBB): This is a multi-ply material. Imagine a sandwich: the outer layers are made from bleached chemical pulp (providing a white, printable surface), while the middle layer is made from mechanical pulp. Mechanical pulp is less processed and contains more lignin, making it bulkier and stiffer for its weight. FBB offers a good balance of print quality, stiffness, and cost, making it extremely popular for cereal boxes, frozen food trays, and pharmaceutical packaging.
  • Solid Unbleached Board (SUB or SUS): This is the paperboard equivalent of Kraft paper. It is made from unbleached chemical pulp, giving it a natural brown color and very high strength. It is often coated with PE for moisture resistance and used for applications where strength is more important than appearance, such as beverage carriers (for six-packs of bottles) or boxes for bulk goods.

From Cereal Boxes to Takeaway Containers: The Versatility of Paperboard

The ability to choose between these different grades makes paperboard incredibly versatile. Its applications span the entire grocery store:

  • Dry Food Cartons: Cereal, pasta, crackers, and cake mixes are almost universally packaged in FBB.
  • Frozen and Chilled Foods: SBB and FBB, often with a polymer coating, are used for ice cream tubs, frozen meal trays, and yogurt multipacks.
  • Liquid Packaging: A specialized form of multi-layer paperboard, laminated with PE and sometimes aluminum, is used to create aseptic cartons (like Tetra Pak) for milk, juice, and soup.
  • Takeaway and Food Service: Coated paperboard is die-cut and folded into clamshells for burgers, trays for fries, and boxes for pizza.

Scoring, Folding, and Die-Cutting: The Convertibility Factor

A key reason for paperboard's success is its excellent "convertibility." This refers to how easily it can be transformed from a flat sheet into a three-dimensional package. The material is strong enough to be protective but flexible enough to be manipulated.

  • Scoring: A shallow crease is pressed into the paperboard along the fold lines. This weakens the board just enough to allow it to be folded cleanly without cracking or splitting.
  • Die-Cutting: A sharp, custom-shaped tool (a "die") is used to cut the outline of the flattened box from the paperboard sheet. This is how complex shapes, windows, and locking tabs are created.

This high level of convertibility allows for an almost infinite variety of package designs, enabling brands to create unique and functional structures that stand out on the shelf.

Recycled Paperboard and its Role in the Circular Economy

Paperboard has one of the highest recycling rates of any packaging material. Recycled paperboard, often called Coated Recycled Board (CRB) or Chipboard, is made from 100% recovered paper fibers.

While not as pure or strong as virgin board, it is widely used for applications where it will not come into direct contact with the food, such as the outer box for a tube of toothpaste or the backing card for a blister pack. It is also used for the middle layers of some multi-ply boards. The robust market for recycled paperboard is a cornerstone of the paper packaging industry's circular economy, providing a valuable end-market for collected paper waste.

Type 7: Corrugated Board – The Ultimate Protector

If paperboard is the skeleton of packaging, corrugated board is the suit of armor. When a product needs to be shipped, stacked in a warehouse, or protected from the rigors of transportation, corrugated board is the undisputed champion. Its ingenious construction provides exceptional strength and cushioning for a very low weight, making it the backbone of global logistics and e-commerce.

The Anatomy of a Corrugated Sheet: Liner and Flute

The magic of corrugated board lies in its structure, which is inspired by the architectural principle of the arch. A sheet of corrugated board consists of two main components:

  • Linerboard: This is the flat paper that forms the inner and outer faces of the board. It is typically a strong Kraft paper (often called "Kraftliner") or a testliner made from recycled fibers.
  • Fluting (or Medium): This is the wavy, arched layer of paper that is sandwiched between the linerboards. This fluted layer is what creates air pockets that provide cushioning and insulation. The arches give the board incredible rigidity and resistance to bending and pressure.

The most common type is "single wall" board, which consists of one layer of fluting glued between two linerboards. For heavier-duty applications, "double wall" (two layers of fluting, three liners) or even "triple wall" board can be used.

A, B, C, E, F Flutes: Understanding the Differences

The fluting itself is not one-size-fits-all. It comes in different sizes, known as "flute profiles," designated by letters. The size of the flute affects the board's properties:

  • A-Flute: The original and largest flute, it offers the best cushioning and stacking strength.
  • C-Flute: A slightly smaller all-purpose flute. It is the most common type used for standard shipping boxes.
  • B-Flute: A smaller flute that provides good crush resistance and a flatter surface for printing. Often used for die-cut boxes and retail displays.
  • E-Flute: A very fine flute, often called "micro-flute." It provides an excellent printing surface and is thin enough to be used for primary packaging, like a small box for a jar of jam or a pizza box.
  • F-Flute: Even smaller than E-flute, it is used for lightweight, high-end retail packaging where a smooth printing surface is critical.

These flutes can also be combined. For instance, a "BC" double-wall board combines a layer of B-flute and a layer of C-flute to get the benefits of both.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Packaging Applications

Corrugated board functions at every level of the packaging hierarchy:

  • Tertiary Packaging: This is its most common role. Large corrugated boxes are used to group products together for shipment from the factory to the distribution center. Pallets are often wrapped in corrugated board.
  • Secondary Packaging: This is the "case" that holds multiple individual products for delivery to a retail store. The box a dozen cereal boxes are shipped in is secondary packaging. It often has simple printing for identification.
  • Primary Packaging: With the advent of micro-flutes like E-flute, corrugated is now frequently used as the primary package that the consumer buys. Pizza boxes are a classic example. It is also used for subscription boxes, gift sets, and e-commerce packaging that ships directly to the consumer.

Innovations in Corrugated for Food Contact and E-commerce

The world of corrugated is constantly innovating. For food contact applications, special food-grade linerboards and adhesives are used. New water-resistant coatings are being developed to allow corrugated boxes to be used for shipping fresh produce like fish or vegetables, replacing traditional waxed or plastic crates.

In the e-commerce space, "box-on-demand" systems use large fanfolds of corrugated board to create custom-sized boxes for every order, reducing the need for void-fill materials like air pillows or packing peanuts. This not only saves material but also reduces shipping costs by minimizing dimensional weight. The strength and protective qualities of corrugated make it the ideal solution for ensuring products arrive safely at the customer's doorstep.

Selecting the Right Paper for Your Food Product

We have journeyed through the diverse landscape of food packaging papers, from the humble Kraft bag to the engineered strength of corrugated board. Now, the final and most practical question arises: how do you choose the right one for your specific product? The selection process is a thoughtful exercise in balancing three critical pillars: product needs, sustainability goals, and economic viability. There is no single "best" paper, only the paper that is best suited for a particular application.

Aligning Paper Choice with Product Needs (Dry, Greasy, Liquid)

The product itself is the first and most important guide. You must conduct a thorough analysis of its characteristics. Let's create a simple decision-making framework:

  • For Dry, Low-Grease Products: Think cereal, pasta, flour, sugar, or bread. The primary need is containment and protection from dust and contaminants.
    • Best Choices: Uncoated Kraft paper (for bags), recycled paperboard (for boxes), or FBB are excellent, cost-effective options. Since no significant moisture or grease barrier is needed, you can opt for the simplest and often most easily recyclable materials.
  • For Moderately Greasy or Moist Products: This category includes cookies, pastries, sandwiches, or some cheeses. The goal is to prevent oil stains and stop the product from drying out or getting soggy.
    • Best Choices: Greaseproof paper, wax paper (for cold applications), or a light aqueous-coated paperboard are ideal. The choice between them may depend on the level of grease resistance needed (as measured by the KIT test) and whether the product will be heated.
  • For Very Greasy or Wet Products and Liquids: This is the most demanding category, including fried foods, soups, sauces, and beverages. An absolute barrier is required.
    • Best Choices: Paper or paperboard with an extruded polymer coating is necessary here. PE-coated board has been the traditional choice for its reliability. PLA-coated board offers a compostable alternative. For very high-barrier needs, laminates involving foil might be required.

Balancing Performance, Cost, and Sustainability Goals

Once you have identified the functional requirements, the next step is to weigh them against your budget and brand values.

  • Performance: The package must not fail. A leaky coffee cup or a greasy bag that tears is a direct path to customer dissatisfaction. Performance is non-negotiable.
  • Cost: Packaging is a significant component of a product's cost of goods sold. A premium SBS board with a five-color print job will cost significantly more than a simple one-color printed Kraft bag. You must find the sweet spot where the packaging cost is justified by the product's price point and brand positioning.
  • Sustainability: This is increasingly a factor in brand equity. Are your customers willing to pay a premium for a certified compostable package? Does your brand identity align with a rustic, recycled look or a clean, FSC-certified white look? Your sustainability story must be authentic and consistent with your material choices. A complete understanding of the options is available when you explore a comprehensive guide to food packaging paper.

The Importance of Customization and Supplier Collaboration

The final piece of the puzzle is collaboration. The information in this guide provides a strong foundation, but the optimal solution is often found by working directly with an expert packaging supplier. A knowledgeable supplier can:

  • Provide Samples: Allow you to test different paper types and coatings with your actual product.
  • Navigate Regulations: Ensure that the material combination you choose is fully compliant in your target markets.
  • Optimize Design: Suggest ways to reduce material usage (lightweighting) or improve functionality without compromising protection.
  • Offer Customization: Create a package that is unique to your brand in its structure, printing, and finish.

The relationship with your supplier should be a partnership. By combining your deep knowledge of your product with their deep knowledge of materials, you can co-create a packaging solution that is safe, effective, sustainable, and a powerful asset for your brand.

FAQ: Answering Your Top Questions on Food Packaging Paper

1. What is the main difference between food-grade paper and regular paper?

The primary difference lies in purity and safety. Food-grade paper is manufactured under specific hygienic conditions using materials that are certified as safe for direct contact with food. This means it is free from harmful dyes, chemicals, and recycled fibers that may contain contaminants. Regular paper, like office paper or newsprint, is not held to these standards and can transfer unsafe substances to food.

2. Can you recycle paper food packaging with food residue on it?

This is a common point of confusion. Generally, heavy contamination with food waste, especially grease and oil, makes paper unrecyclable. A pizza box lid is usually recyclable, but the greasy base is not. Light crumbs or minor residue are often acceptable. The best practice is to empty all food from containers and check local municipal recycling guidelines, as they can vary significantly.

3. Are "compostable" paper cups better for the environment than "recyclable" ones?

It depends on the available waste infrastructure. A PLA-coated compostable cup is only beneficial if it ends up in an industrial composting facility where it can properly break down. If it goes to a landfill, it may not decompose effectively. A PE-coated cup is only beneficial if it goes to a specialized recycling facility that can separate the plastic from the paper. The "better" option is the one that aligns with the end-of-life disposal systems accessible to the end consumer.

4. Why is Kraft paper brown and SBS paper white?

The color difference comes from the presence or absence of lignin, a natural polymer in wood. The Kraft pulping process removes most, but not all, of the lignin, leaving the pulp with a natural brown color. To make SBS paper, the pulp undergoes an additional bleaching process (using ECF or TCF methods) to remove the remaining lignin, resulting in a bright white sheet.

5. What does FSC or PEFC certification mean on paper packaging?

FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) are two of the world's leading certification systems for responsible forest management. When you see these logos on a paper product, it provides an assurance that the wood fiber used to make that paper was sourced from a forest that is managed in an environmentally sustainable, socially beneficial, and economically viable way.

6. Is parchment paper toxic when heated?

No, food-grade parchment paper is not toxic when used within its specified temperature limits (usually up to 450°F or 230°C). It is coated with silicone, which is an inert, non-toxic, and heat-stable compound. It is specifically designed for safe use in ovens. In contrast, wax paper should never be used in an oven, as the wax will melt and can be a fire hazard.

7. How can I tell if a paper is greaseproof?

Visually, greaseproof paper often has a dense, slightly translucent, or "glassine" appearance. The definitive way to know its level of resistance is by its KIT rating. Manufacturers and suppliers will provide this technical data. A higher KIT number (e.g., 8-10) indicates a higher level of grease resistance suitable for very oily foods.

8. What is "aqueous coating" on paper food packaging?

Aqueous coating is a water-based coating applied to paper or paperboard to provide a barrier against moisture or grease. It is seen as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional plastic (PE) coatings because it can often be more easily broken down during the paper recycling process (repulping). It is commonly used for items like takeaway boxes and paper plates.

9. Why do some paper cups handle hot drinks while others are only for cold drinks?

The main difference is often the construction and coating. Hot cups are typically made from a heavier paperboard to provide better insulation and rigidity when holding hot liquids. They are coated on the inside only with a heat-stable material like PE or PLA. Cold cups may be made of a lighter board and are often coated on both the inside and outside to prevent condensation from the cold drink from weakening the paper.

10. Is it possible to print on all types of food packaging paper?

Printability varies greatly. Smooth, white papers like SBS offer the best surface for high-resolution, full-color printing. Uncoated brown Kraft paper can be printed on, but the colors will appear more muted and it's best suited for simpler, bolder graphics. Highly textured or heavily coated papers can present challenges, requiring special inks or printing techniques.

Conclusión

The journey through the world of food packaging paper reveals a dynamic interplay of science, safety, and sustainability. The question of what paper is used in food packaging is answered not with a single name, but with a spectrum of specialized materials, each engineered for a specific purpose. From the raw strength of Kraft to the pristine surface of SBS, from the oil-blocking density of greaseproof paper to the non-stick release of parchment, each type offers a unique set of virtues.

As we move forward in 2026, the choice of paper is more than a technical specification; it is a statement of brand values. The decisions made in selecting a paper type, its sourcing, its coatings, and its end-of-life plan reverberate through the supply chain and resonate with an increasingly conscious consumer base. The path forward points toward continued innovation: in fluorine-free barrier technologies, in more easily recyclable coatings, and in the expanded use of certified and recycled fibers. By understanding the foundational properties and diverse applications of these materials, businesses can make choices that not only protect their products but also contribute positively to a circular and sustainable future.

Referencias

CEPI. (2018). Elemental chlorine free (ECF) and totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching. Confederation of European Paper Industries.

European Commission. (2022). Final report on the implementation of the single-use plastics directive.

Fujian Nanwang Environment Protection Scien-Tech Co., Ltd. (2024). About us. Nanwang Paper Packaging. https://www.nanwangpaperbag.com/about-us/

Gu, F., Guo, J., Zhang, W., Summers, P. A., & Hall, P. (2017). From waste plastics to industrial raw materials: A life cycle assessment of mechanical plastic recycling. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(9), 1405–1417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-017-1262-6

Hubbe, M. A., Lavoine, N., Lucia, L. A., & Dou, C. (2021). Formulating and deploying paper-based, grease-resistant packaging for foods. BioResources, 16(4), 8632–8684.

Nanwang Pack. (n.d.). Food grade paper bag. Nanwang Paper Packaging. Retrieved October 26, 2026, from

SEC.gov. (2025, March). MINISO Group Holding Limited – Environmental, Social and Governance Report 2024. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815846/000110465925039022/tm2513102d1_ex99-10.pdf

Siracusa, V. (2022). An overview of the sustainable packaging in the food sector. Foods, 11(19), 3121. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193121

Twede, D. (2005). The history of corrugated fiberboard shipping containers. Journal of Macromarketing, 25(2), 220-226.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2023). PFAS strategic roadmap: EPA's commitments to action 2021-2024. EPA.

Etiquetas:

Deje su mensaje