An Expert Guide to Vetting Paper Bag Manufacturers in China: 5 Critical Checks for 2026

Resumen

The global shift towards sustainable packaging has intensified the focus on sourcing from leading production hubs, particularly for businesses in the United States and Europe. This analysis examines the complex process of selecting and vetting paper bag manufacturers in China, a dominant force in the global packaging market. It moves beyond superficial cost analysis to propose a rigorous, five-point verification framework for 2026, addressing corporate legitimacy, compliance with international standards (such as FSC and BRC), genuine manufacturing capacity, communication infrastructure, and quality assurance protocols. By grounding the discussion in the practical challenges faced by procurement managers—including differentiating manufacturers from trading companies, verifying certifications, and mitigating risks related to quality and ethical sourcing—this guide provides a structured methodology. The objective is to equip businesses with the analytical tools necessary to forge resilient, transparent, and ethically sound partnerships, thereby transforming a potentially fraught procurement process into a strategic long-term advantage.

Principales conclusiones

• Verify a supplier's legitimacy by checking their business license and financial stability.
• Scrutinize key certifications like FSC, BRC, and ISO to ensure compliance and quality.
• Distinguish true manufacturers from trading companies to gain cost and communication benefits.
• Partner with paper bag manufacturers in China that have a robust quality assurance system.
• Assess a potential partner's communication skills and cultural understanding for smoother collaboration.
• Evaluate a manufacturer's R&D capabilities for access to innovative, sustainable packaging.

Índice

• An Expert Guide to Vetting Paper Bag Manufacturers in China: 5 Critical Checks for 2026
• Check 1: Verifying Corporate Legitimacy and Financial Stability
• Check 2: Scrutinizing Certifications and Compliance Standards
• Check 3: Assessing True Manufacturing Capabilities vs. Trading Claims
• Check 4: Evaluating Communication, Culture, and Service Infrastructure
• Check 5: Implementing a Rigorous Quality Assurance (QA) Framework
• Preguntas más frecuentes (FAQ)
• Conclusión
• Referencias

An Expert Guide to Vetting Paper Bag Manufacturers in China: 5 Critical Checks for 2026

The decision to source materials from overseas is never merely a logistical or economic calculation; it is an act of trust, a projection of one's own brand values onto a partner thousands of miles away. When a customer in New York or London picks up a shopping bag bearing your company's logo, that simple object becomes a physical testament to a long chain of decisions. It speaks of your commitment to quality, your stance on environmental stewardship, and your confidence in the supply chain that produced it. In 2026, as businesses navigate a landscape shaped by heightened consumer awareness and complex geopolitical currents, the process of selecting paper bag manufacturers in China has evolved from a simple procurement task into a sophisticated strategic exercise.

The old paradigm, driven almost exclusively by unit cost, has revealed its profound limitations. We have learned, sometimes through painful experience, that the cheapest price often conceals hidden costs—inconsistent quality that damages brand reputation, supply chain disruptions that lead to empty shelves, or ethical lapses that create public relations crises. The central question for a procurement manager is no longer, "Who can give me the lowest price?" but rather, "Who can I trust to be a reliable, compliant, and innovative partner for the long term?"

This guide offers a framework for answering that very question. It is built not on abstract theories but on the practical realities of international trade and the specific nuances of the Chinese manufacturing sector. We will move through five critical checks, each designed to peel back a layer of the onion, to move from the polished surface of a website to the concrete reality of a factory floor. This is a method for cultivating a kind of practical wisdom, enabling you to discern substance from salesmanship and to build partnerships that are not only profitable but also resilient and principled.

Check 1: Verifying Corporate Legitimacy and Financial Stability

The first step in any potential partnership is the most fundamental: confirming that the entity you are dealing with is precisely who and what it claims to be. In the vast and dynamic digital marketplace, appearances can be deceiving. A slick website or an impressive Alibaba profile is not, in itself, evidence of a substantial and legitimate operation. Establishing a baseline of trust requires a more forensic approach, one that examines the legal and financial foundations of a potential supplier. This initial due diligence is not about suspicion; it is about prudence. It is the essential groundwork that protects your investment, your timeline, and your brand's integrity.

Beyond the Digital Façade: Business License Verification

Every legally operating company in China possesses a business license issued by the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR). This document is the cornerstone of a company's identity and is far more revealing than any marketing brochure. Obtaining a copy of this license from a potential supplier should be a non-negotiable first step. While the document will be in Chinese, key pieces of information can be readily translated and are immensely valuable.

Consider what you are looking for. The "Business Scope" (经营范围) is perhaps the most critical section. Does it explicitly list "production of paper products," "packaging," or "printing"? If the scope is limited to "import/export," "wholesale," or "consulting," you are almost certainly dealing with a trading company, not a manufacturer. This distinction, which we will explore further in Check 3, is vital. The registered capital (注册资本) offers another clue, albeit one that requires interpretation. While a very high number can sometimes be declared without being fully paid-in, an extremely low figure (e.g., less than 500,000 RMB) might suggest a small-scale operation or a trading intermediary rather than a significant industrial player.

You should also check the company's official name and its Unified Social Credit Code, a unique 18-digit identifier. These details can be cross-referenced on official government databases like the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System (NECIPS) to verify the license's authenticity and to check for any recorded legal disputes or administrative penalties. This act of verification is the first and most crucial gate in your vetting process.

The Significance of Publicly Listed Companies

In the landscape of Chinese manufacturing, a company's decision to go public is a significant indicator of transparency, stability, and ambition. A publicly listed company operates under a level of scrutiny that private entities do not. They are required to publish regular, audited financial reports, disclose major corporate actions, and adhere to strict governance regulations. For a foreign buyer, this transparency is invaluable. It replaces guesswork with verifiable data.

For instance, a leading supplier like Fujian Nanwang Environment Protection Scien-Tech Co., Ltd. is publicly traded on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (Stock Code: 301355). This status immediately provides a wealth of information. One can access their annual reports, which detail total assets (exceeding 2.5 billion RMB), revenue, profitability, and investments in research and development nanwangpack.com. This financial transparency demonstrates a level of stability and scale that is reassuring for large-volume buyers who need to be certain their supplier can weather economic fluctuations and has the capital to invest in maintaining and upgrading its operations. Choosing a publicly listed paper bag manufacturer in China is a powerful risk mitigation strategy, as their commitment to regulatory compliance and public disclosure aligns directly with a buyer's need for a dependable and transparent partner.

Financial Red Flags and Prudent Due Diligence

While engaging with a publicly traded firm offers a clear view of its financial health, you will often be evaluating private companies. Here, a different kind of diligence is required. Be attuned to certain red flags during your initial negotiations. A supplier who is unusually resistant to providing a copy of their business license or who pressures you for a large upfront deposit (e.g., over 50%) before any production has begun should raise concerns.

Similarly, examine their banking information. Does the beneficiary name on the bank account match the company name on the business license exactly? Discrepancies, such as being asked to pay to a personal account or a different company name, are major warnings of a potentially fraudulent or poorly managed operation. While it may not always be feasible to conduct a full credit check on a private Chinese company from overseas, you can use third-party sourcing agents or legal firms in China to perform basic due diligence for a relatively modest fee. This small investment can prevent a catastrophic loss down the line. It is about creating a chain of verification that confirms you are engaging with a stable, legitimate business entity before you commit significant resources.

Check 2: Scrutinizing Certifications and Compliance Standards

Once you have established a potential partner's corporate legitimacy, the focus must shift to their operational standards. In the modern global market, a product is not just a physical item; it is a collection of processes, materials, and ethical commitments. Certifications are the language through which these standards are communicated and verified. They are independent, third-party attestations that a manufacturer adheres to specific, globally recognized protocols for quality management, environmental stewardship, and social responsibility. For a buyer in Europe or the USA, these certificates are not just "nice to have"—they are often a prerequisite for market access and a cornerstone of brand credibility. Navigating this "alphabet soup" of acronyms is a critical skill for any procurement professional.

Decoding Key Industry Certifications

The sheer number of available certifications can be overwhelming. However, for the paper packaging industry, a few stand out as particularly meaningful. Understanding what they signify is essential for aligning a supplier's capabilities with your brand's requirements.

When a manufacturer claims to hold these certifications, it is your responsibility to verify them. Certification bodies like FSC and BRCGS maintain public databases where you can search for a company by name or certificate number to confirm the validity and scope of their certification. A supplier like prominently lists its ISO, GRS, and FSC certifications, a sign of confidence that invites verification. This step is non-negotiable; fraudulent certificates are not unheard of, and due diligence is your only safeguard.

The Imperative of Food-Grade Safety Standards

For any business in the food and beverage sector—from quick-service restaurants to gourmet grocery stores—the safety of your packaging is paramount. A paper bag used to carry a hot sandwich or a box for pastries is a food-contact surface, subject to stringent regulations. This is where certifications like BRCGS and ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management) become critically important.

These standards go far beyond general quality control. They mandate a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) approach, forcing a manufacturer to identify and mitigate any potential physical, chemical, or biological hazard at every stage of production. This includes the sourcing of raw materials (Are the paper, inks, and adhesives food-safe?), the control of the production environment (Is it hygienic and pest-free?), and the handling and storage of the final product.

When a manufacturer like Nanwang highlights its BRC Grade A+ certification, it is making a powerful statement about its capabilities nanwangpaperbag.com. It signals that their facilities have passed a rigorous, in-person audit covering everything from factory layout and employee hygiene to traceability systems. For a brand, this verified compliance is a shield against liability and a promise of safety to your end customers. Sourcing paper food packaging from a non-certified supplier is an unacceptable risk in today's regulatory environment.

Social and Environmental Responsibility Audits

Beyond product quality and safety, brand reputation in 2026 is increasingly tied to ethical and social commitments. Consumers, particularly in Western markets, want to know that the products they buy are not made at the expense of human dignity or the environment. This is where social compliance audits come into play. Audits like SMETA (Sedex Members Ethical Trade Audit) or BSCI (Business Social Compliance Initiative) assess a factory's performance against standards for labor rights, health and safety, and business ethics.

These audits examine issues like working hours, fair wages, freedom of association, and the prohibition of forced or child labor. While a single audit is a snapshot in time, a willingness to undergo them regularly and a track record of addressing any non-conformance issues are strong positive indicators. Similarly, an ISO 14001 certification demonstrates a systematic approach to managing environmental impact. It shows a manufacturer is measuring and controlling its energy consumption, water usage, and waste output. Companies are also increasingly highlighting the specific materials they use, such as water-based adhesives and non-toxic, water-based inks, which have a significantly better environmental profile than their solvent-based counterparts (Paperbags.cn, 2022). Choosing a partner who invests in these certifications signals a shared commitment to responsible manufacturing that resonates with conscious consumers and strengthens your brand's story.

Check 3: Assessing True Manufacturing Capabilities vs. Trading Claims

Having verified a company's legal standing and compliance portfolio, the next critical inquiry concerns their fundamental nature: Are you speaking with the factory that will actually make your bags, or are you speaking with an intermediary? This is the classic distinction between a manufacturer and a trading company. While trading companies can play a valuable role in the sourcing ecosystem, particularly for smaller or highly diversified orders, partnering directly with a paper bag manufacturer in China typically offers significant advantages in cost, communication, control, and innovation. Making this distinction requires a sharp eye and the right questions.

Manufacturer vs. Trading Company: A Critical Distinction

At first glance, a trading company's website can look identical to a manufacturer's. Both will feature product photos and talk about quality and service. The difference lies in their operational model and the value they provide. Understanding this is key to making a strategic sourcing decision.

How do you tell them apart? Start by asking direct questions. "Can we schedule a live video tour of your production facility next week?" A true manufacturer will readily agree. A trading company will likely make excuses or delay. Ask for specific details about their machinery: "What is the brand and model of your primary bag-forming machines? What is your maximum printing width?" A factory manager will know this instantly; a salesperson at a trading company will have to ask someone else. As discussed in Check 1, the business license is also a key giveaway. If the business scope is focused on "manufacturing" and "production," you are on the right track. If it says "wholesale," "trading," or "import/export," you are likely dealing with a middleman.

Gauging Production Capacity and Scalability

Once you have confirmed you are dealing with a genuine manufacturer, you need to assess if they are the right size for your business. A small workshop may offer great personal service but could be overwhelmed by a large order from a national retail chain, leading to delays and quality issues. Conversely, a massive factory might be unwilling to provide competitive pricing or dedicated attention to a small startup's order.

This is where production capacity figures become meaningful. A top-tier manufacturer like Nanwang states an annual output of over 2.7 billion eco-friendly paper bags and 9.5 billion food packages nanwangpaperbag.com. This number is not just a boast; it is a quantifiable indicator of their scale. It tells you they have the machinery, personnel, and raw material supply chains to handle high-volume, time-sensitive orders for major global brands. Ask potential suppliers for their annual output, the number of production lines they operate, and their typical lead times for an order of your expected size. Their answers will help you gauge whether their operational scale is a good match for your current and future needs. Scalability is crucial; you want a partner who can grow with you.

The Role of R&D and Material Innovation

In the competitive world of retail and food service, packaging is not just a container; it is part of the product experience and a key brand differentiator. The best manufacturing partners are not just order-takers; they are innovators who can help you stay ahead of market trends. A strong Research & Development (R&D) department is a sign of a forward-thinking company.

Inquire about their R&D efforts. "What new materials or bag structures have you developed in the last year?" "Can you offer solutions for fluorine-free grease-proof paper for our food applications?" "What are my options for high-strength paper that can handle heavy items while still being lightweight?" A manufacturer with a dedicated R&D team, like Nanwang, which invests nearly 50 million RMB annually in research and holds numerous patents, can become a strategic asset (Nanwang Paper Packaging, n.d.-b). They can provide you with access to innovative solutions, such as more durable bolsas de papel para minoristas that enhance customer experience or new barrier coatings that extend the shelf life of food products. This capability for innovation transforms the supplier relationship from a simple transaction to a collaborative partnership, where your manufacturer actively contributes to your product's success and your brand's sustainability goals.

Check 4: Evaluating Communication, Culture, and Service Infrastructure

The technical aspects of manufacturing—machinery, capacity, certifications—are only one part of the equation. A successful international partnership is built on a foundation of clear, consistent, and effective communication. When your partner is on the other side of the world, operating in a different time zone and a different cultural context, the quality of your communication link can make the difference between a smooth, efficient process and a frustrating series of misunderstandings. Evaluating a potential manufacturer's service infrastructure and their ability to bridge the cultural gap is just as critical as inspecting their factory floor.

Bridging the Language and Cultural Gap

The most obvious communication challenge is language. While translation software has improved, it cannot replace the nuance and clarity provided by a dedicated, professional, English-speaking sales and support team. When you first make contact with a potential supplier, pay close attention to the quality of their communication. Are their emails clear, well-written, and do they directly answer your questions? When you speak with a representative, is their English proficiency strong enough to discuss complex technical specifications and commercial terms without confusion?

A manufacturer that invests in a skilled, multilingual team demonstrates a serious commitment to serving the international market. This is not just about convenience; it is about accuracy. A slight misunderstanding about a Pantone color, a material specification, or a shipping mark can lead to a costly mistake that affects your entire order. During your initial conversations, test their understanding. Ask complex questions and see how they respond. A capable partner will not just give you an answer; they will often rephrase the question to confirm they have understood it correctly, a hallmark of excellent cross-cultural communication.

Responsiveness and Problem-Solving Aptitude

Business is never without its challenges. Shipments can be delayed, materials can have unexpected variations, and designs may need last-minute changes. The true measure of a supplier is not how they perform when things are going perfectly, but how they respond when things go wrong. Their responsiveness and problem-solving skills are a key indicator of their quality as a partner.

From your very first inquiry, gauge their response time. Are you receiving replies within one business day, or are you left waiting for days on end? A responsive team is a sign of a well-organized company that values its customers. Present them with a hypothetical problem. "What would be the process if a shipment arrived and we found 5% of the bags had a printing defect?" A good partner will have a clear process in place. They will talk about documenting the issue with photos, analyzing the root cause, and offering a clear plan for resolution, which could involve a credit on a future order, a partial refund, or remaking the defective portion. A vague or defensive answer, on the other hand, is a major red flag. You are looking for a partner who sees a problem not as a point of conflict, but as a shared challenge to be solved collaboratively.

Understanding Western Market Expectations

Beyond language, there are subtle cultural differences in business expectations. Manufacturers who have extensive experience working with clients in the USA and Europe understand these nuances. They know that Western brands often have extremely high standards for aesthetic details—the precise color matching, the sharpness of the printing, the feel of the paper, and the quality of the handle. They understand the importance of consistent branding across all marketing materials.

They are also familiar with the logistical and packaging requirements for Western retail environments. They will know how to properly pack cartons to prevent damage during a long sea voyage, how to label them clearly for easy receipt at a warehouse, and how to provide the necessary documentation for customs clearance in your country. A manufacturer whose primary experience is with the domestic Chinese market may not have this ingrained knowledge, which can lead to friction and unexpected problems. Look for evidence that they have a strong track record with brands in your region. Ask for case studies or non-confidential examples of their work for American or European companies. This experience is a form of intangible capital that can make your entire sourcing process significantly smoother.

Check 5: Implementing a Rigorous Quality Assurance (QA) Framework

The final and perhaps most crucial check revolves around quality. A beautifully designed bag with impeccable sustainability credentials is of little value if it falls apart when a customer uses it. Quality is not something that can be inspected into a product at the end; it must be built into the process from the very beginning. A reliable paper bag manufacturer in China will not see quality assurance (QA) as a final hurdle to clear, but as a continuous system that permeates every stage of their operation. Your job as a buyer is to investigate and verify the robustness of this system.

From Raw Material Inspection to Final Product

A comprehensive QA framework begins long before the first sheet of paper is cut. It starts with the inspection of incoming raw materials. Ask a potential supplier about their process for this. Do they test incoming rolls of kraft paper for basis weight, tear strength, and moisture content? How do they verify that the inks and adhesives they receive from their suppliers match the required specifications, especially for food-grade products? A serious manufacturer will have a dedicated laboratory or testing area with equipment to perform these checks. Companies like Nanwang, for example, report having over 100 sets of inspection and testing equipment, which is a testament to their commitment to controlling quality at the source (Nanwang Paper Packaging, n.d.-a).

This vigilance must then extend through the entire production process. This includes:

• Pre-press checks: Verifying printing plates and color proofs against the customer-approved artwork.
• On-line monitoring: Operators and automated systems checking for printing consistency, proper gluing, and correct bag formation during the machine run.
• Post-production testing: Randomly sampling finished bags from a batch to test their load-bearing capacity, handle strength, and dimensional accuracy.

Ask for their Quality Control plan. A professional manufacturer should be able to provide you with a document that outlines these steps, the standards they adhere to, and the records they keep.

The Value of Pre-Shipment Inspections (PSI)

No matter how much you trust your supplier's internal QA system, an independent check before the goods leave the factory is a prudent and highly recommended step. A Pre-Shipment Inspection (PSI), typically conducted when the order is at least 80% packed, is your final opportunity to identify and rectify any issues before you have paid the final balance and the goods are on a container ship in the middle of the ocean.

You have two main options for a PSI. You can hire a third-party inspection company (many reputable firms operate throughout China) to act as your eyes and ears on the ground. They will use a standardized sampling method (often based on AQL standards) to inspect the goods for a range of defects, from critical issues like a faulty handle to minor cosmetic blemishes. They will provide you with a detailed report, complete with photographs, allowing you to make an informed decision to approve the shipment or request rework. Alternatively, you can ask your supplier to perform a detailed in-house PSI and send you their report. While this relies on their own team, a transparent partner will be happy to do this and will provide a thorough and honest assessment. The willingness to facilitate a PSI is, in itself, a sign of a confident and quality-focused manufacturer.

Sample Approval and Production Consistency

The foundation of ensuring you get what you ordered is the "golden sample." Before you approve mass production, you must have a physical, pre-production sample in your hands. This sample, once approved by you, becomes the benchmark against which the entire production run will be measured. Do not approve production based on digital proofs or photos alone. You need to feel the paper, test the handle, and see the colors with your own eyes.

Once you approve this golden sample, the critical challenge is ensuring consistency across tens of thousands or even millions of units. This is where the manufacturer's internal QA system truly proves its worth. Their processes for machine calibration, operator training, and in-process checks are all designed to replicate that golden sample over and over again. When discussing a potential order, ask them explicitly: "What are your procedures for ensuring the mass production run will be identical in quality, color, and construction to the pre-production sample I approve?" Their answer will reveal a great deal about their commitment to consistency and their understanding of the importance of this fundamental principle of mass manufacturing.

Preguntas más frecuentes (FAQ)

How do I verify a Chinese company's business license?

You should request a clear, scanned copy of the business license directly from the potential supplier. Then, you can use China's official National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System (NECIPS) to verify the details. Although the site is in Chinese, you can use browser translation tools to navigate it. You will need the company's full official Chinese name or their 18-digit Unified Social Credit Code to perform the search. This check confirms their legal status, business scope, and registered address.

What is the difference between FSC-certified and FSC Mix?

FSC 100% means that all the wood or fiber in the product comes from FSC-certified forests. FSC Recycled means the product is made from 100% recycled content. FSC Mix, which is very common for paper bags, means the product is made from a mixture of materials from FSC-certified forests, recycled materials, and/or FSC Controlled Wood. Controlled Wood is material from non-FSC certified forests that has been verified to mitigate the risk of it coming from unacceptable sources. For most brands, FSC Mix is a strong and credible sustainability claim.

Is it cheaper to work with a trading company or a direct manufacturer?

On a per-unit basis, it is almost always cheaper to work directly with a paper bag manufacturer in China because you are eliminating the middleman's commission. Direct partnership also gives you better communication, more control over quality, and greater potential for customization. However, a trading company might be useful for very small businesses that need to consolidate small orders from multiple factories or for those who need extensive on-the-ground support and are willing to pay a premium for that service.

What are typical payment terms for paper bag manufacturers in China?

Standard payment terms for a new customer are typically a 30% deposit to begin production and the remaining 70% balance to be paid upon completion of the order, often after the buyer has approved a pre-shipment inspection report but before the goods are released for shipping. For long-term customers with a strong payment history, more flexible terms such as 30% deposit and 70% against a copy of the Bill of Lading, or even net 30-day terms, may be negotiated.

How can I manage quality control from thousands of miles away?

Managing QC from overseas requires a multi-pronged approach. First, choose a manufacturer with a robust, documented internal QA system and relevant certifications (like ISO 9001). Second, always approve a physical pre-production sample before authorizing mass production. Third, for any significant order, arrange for a pre-shipment inspection (PSI) either through a third-party inspection service or by requesting a detailed report from your supplier's QC team.

What are the main types of sustainable paper bags?

The most common sustainable options are made from kraft paper, which is durable and produced through a process that allows for the recovery of chemicals for reuse. Key sustainable choices include bags made from recycled paper (verified by GRS certification) and bags made from virgin fiber sourced from responsibly managed forests (verified by FSC certification). The use of water-based inks and adhesives also significantly improves the bag's environmental profile, making it more easily recyclable.

Why is BRCGS certification important for food packaging?

BRCGS (Brand Reputation Compliance Global Standards) is a globally recognized food safety standard. For paper bags or boxes intended for direct contact with food, this certification is critical. It ensures the manufacturer has implemented rigorous controls to prevent contamination, using food-safe papers, inks, and glues. It covers factory hygiene, pest control, traceability, and hazard analysis, providing a high level of assurance that the packaging is safe for consumers.

Conclusión

The journey to finding the right paper bag manufacturer in China is an exercise in diligence, discernment, and the building of a relationship. It demands that we look beyond the surface of price lists and product catalogs to understand the very structure and character of a potential partner. The five-part framework—verifying legitimacy, scrutinizing compliance, assessing capability, evaluating communication, and implementing quality assurance—is not a series of bureaucratic hurdles. Rather, it is a disciplined path toward mitigating risk and cultivating a partnership that can provide genuine, long-term strategic value.

By embracing this rigorous approach, a business transforms sourcing from a mere transaction into a strategic function. You move from being a "customer" to being a "partner," engaging with suppliers who are not just capable of producing a quality product at a fair price, but who are also transparent, reliable, and invested in mutual success. In a world where supply chains are increasingly complex and consumer expectations for quality and ethical conduct are higher than ever, this level of diligence is no longer optional. It is the very foundation upon which a resilient, responsible, and successful global brand is built.

Referencias

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Nanwang Paper Packaging. (2025). First listed paper packaging supplier in China. Nanwangpack. https://nanwangpack.com/

Nanwang Paper Packaging. (2025). Innovative paper packaging material. Retrieved January 15, 2026, from https://www.nanwangpaperbag.com/new-material/

Nanwang Paper Packaging. (2026). Redefining packaging: How eco-friendly paper bags deliver sustainable solutions for retail and food industries. Retrieved January 15, 2026, from https://www.nanwangpaperbag.com/redefining-packaging-how-eco-friendly-paper-bags-deliver-sustainable-solutions-for-retail-and-food-industries/

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Zhu, Q., & Sarkis, J. (2004). Relationships between operational practices and performance among early adopters of green supply chain management practices in Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Journal of Operations Management, 22(3), 265-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2004.01.005