What Does SOS Bag Stand For?: A Practical Guide to 5 Eco-Friendly Packaging Uses

Resumen

The familiar paper bag with a flat bottom, a ubiquitous presence in retail and food service, is technically known as an SOS bag. The acronym stands for "Self-Opening Sack," a name derived from the innovative design that allows the bag to be opened with a simple flick of the wrist. This design was patented in the late 19th century by Margaret E. Knight, whose invention of a machine to automate the production of these flat-bottomed bags revolutionized the packaging industry. The core features of the SOS bag are its rectangular, flat base which allows it to stand upright on its own, and its gusseted sides that expand to accommodate contents of varying shapes and sizes. Its enduring popularity stems from a combination of practicality, efficiency in packing, and, in the modern context, its environmental credentials as a recyclable and biodegradable alternative to plastic. The legacy of the Self-Opening Sack continues in its widespread use, demonstrating a timeless solution to everyday packaging needs.

Principales conclusiones

• Recognize that SOS stands for Self-Opening Sack, a design focused on convenience.
• Utilize the flat-bottom feature for stable, upright placement on counters and shelves.
• Choose SOS bags for versatile, eco-friendly retail and food packaging solutions.
• Appreciate the gusseted sides, which allow the bag to hold bulky or irregularly shaped items.
• Clarify for customers what does SOS bag stand for: a functional and sustainable packaging choice.
• Explore customization options to transform a simple bag into a powerful branding tool.

Índice

• The Genesis of Convenience: Deconstructing the 'Self-Opening Sack'
• Structural Integrity: The Engineering Behind the Flat-Bottom Design
• 1. Revolutionizing Retail: The Grocery and Boutique Experience
• 2. Enhancing Food Service: From Bakeries to Takeout
• 3. Pharmaceutical and Health Applications: Ensuring Cleanliness and Order
• 4. Agricultural and Bulk Goods: Strength in Simplicity
• 5. The Rise of Customization: Branding and Marketing Power
• Beyond the Bag: The Environmental Imperative of Paper Packaging
• Preguntas más frecuentes (FAQ)
• Conclusión
• Referencias

The Genesis of Convenience: Deconstructing the 'Self-Opening Sack'

When you hear the acronym "SOS," your mind might first leap to the international Morse code signal for distress. It is a powerful, universally understood call for help. In the world of packaging, however, SOS signifies something entirely different, though in its own way, it was a rescue for retailers and consumers of a bygone era. The question of what does SOS bag stand for leads us not to a maritime emergency, but to a brilliantly simple innovation: the "Self-Opening Sack."

To truly grasp the significance of this name, we must transport ourselves back to the period before its invention. Paper bags of the mid-19th century were often simple, V-shaped envelopes. Think of the kind of bag you might see in an old film holding a single loaf of French bread. They were difficult to fill, could not stand on their own, and had limited capacity. Packing groceries or other goods was a clumsy, two-handed affair.

Then came Margaret E. Knight, an inventor working in a paper bag factory in the 1860s. She envisioned a better way. She saw the inefficiency and imagined a bag that could stand open on a counter, ready to be filled. Her insight was not just about the bag itself, but about the process. She conceived of a machine that could automatically fold and glue paper into a flat-bottomed bag. The bottom, being flat and rectangular, acted as a stable base. When a clerk picked up a stack of these flattened bags, a quick snap of the wrist would cause the gusseted sides to billow out, and the bag would pop open, ready for use. It was, in essence, self-opening.

Knight's journey to patent her invention was an ordeal in itself, a testament to the societal hurdles faced by women in the 19th century. A man named Charles Annan stole her design, arguing that a woman could not possibly understand such complex mechanics. Knight, however, had meticulously documented her process with drawings and notes. In a landmark legal battle, she successfully proved her inventorship and was awarded the patent in 1871. Her machine created the foundation for the modern paper bag industry, and the Self-Opening Sack became the standard we recognize today. The name, therefore, is a direct description of its most revolutionary feature: its ability to be prepared for use with minimal effort, streamlining the act of packing for millions.

Structural Integrity: The Engineering Behind the Flat-Bottom Design

The genius of the SOS bag lies in its elegant engineering. It is a product where form perfectly follows function, a principle that designers and engineers strive for. The two defining characteristics—the flat bottom and the gusseted sides—work in concert to create a container that is simultaneously stable, capacious, and easy to store.

Let's first consider the base. Unlike its V-shaped predecessors, the SOS bag has a rectangular bottom. Picture a cardboard box; the principles of stability are similar. A wider, flat base provides a lower center of gravity and a larger surface area to resist tipping. When you place an SOS bag on a checkout counter, it stays put. You can load it with cans, jars, and produce without needing a third hand to hold it open. This simple feature drastically improves packing efficiency and reduces the risk of spills.

Next are the gussets. A gusset is a piece of material added to a seam to add breadth or reduce stress. In an SOS bag, the gussets are the folds along the sides that allow the bag to expand. When the bag is empty and flat, the gussets are tucked inward, allowing for compact storage. Hundreds of bags can be stacked in a small space. When the bag is opened, these folds expand outward, creating a voluminous, three-dimensional container that can accommodate bulky items like cereal boxes or heads of lettuce far better than a simple flat bag.

The combination of these elements is what makes the design so effective. The machine Margaret Knight invented performs a precise sequence of cutting, folding, and gluing to create this structure from a single roll of paper. The process creates a strong, seamless bottom that distributes weight evenly, preventing the catastrophic failures that were common with older bag types.

To better understand its advantages, a direct comparison is helpful.

The material itself is also a key part of the bag's integrity. SOS bags are typically made from Kraft paper, a material known for its high elasticity and tear resistance. The choice of paper weight, measured in Grams per Square Meter (GSM), allows for a range of strengths tailored to specific uses.

Understanding what does SOS bag stand for is only the beginning. Appreciating its structural design reveals why this 150-year-old invention remains an indispensable part of modern commerce.

1. Revolutionizing Retail: The Grocery and Boutique Experience

The most iconic application of the Self-Opening Sack is undoubtedly in the grocery store. It is an image ingrained in our collective cultural memory: the checkout clerk expertly snapping a bag open and filling it with a rhythmic efficiency. This is where the bag’s design truly shines. The ability to stand open and unsupported on the counter allows for a systematic packing process—heavy items like cans and jars form a stable base, followed by boxes and cartons in the middle, with lighter, delicate items like eggs and bread placed safely on top.

This process is not merely about convenience; it is about throughput. In a busy retail environment, speed is paramount. The SOS bag shaves precious seconds off every transaction, a cumulative effect that improves customer flow and reduces queues. Imagine the alternative: a clerk fumbling to hold a flimsy bag open while trying to load it. The simple, stand-up design of the SOS bag is a cornerstone of operational efficiency in supermarkets around the world.

Beyond the supermarket, the SOS bag has found a home in all forms of retail. In a boutique clothing store, a crisp, white SOS bag with a store's logo printed on it elevates the customer experience. It transforms a simple transaction into a branded moment. The bag is not just a container; it is part of the product's presentation. Its sturdy construction communicates quality, reassuring the customer of their purchase. The gusseted sides are perfect for accommodating shoeboxes or bulky sweaters, items that would be awkward to pack in a flat bag.

Similarly, in bookstores, the SOS bag’s rectangular form is ideal for protecting the sharp corners and spines of books. In a hardware store, a heavy-duty Kraft paper bag can reliably hold nails, screws, and small tools. The bag's versatility is its strength. By varying the paper weight and dimensions, the same basic design can be adapted for an endless array of retail needs, from the delicate to the durable. The legacy of what does SOS bag stand for is written in every shopping trip, a silent partner in the dance of commerce.

The Psychology of the Paper Bag

There is a tactile and psychological element to the paper bag that plastic has never quite replicated. The slight rustle of the paper, its earthy scent, and its firm structure contribute to a feeling of quality and tradition. For a customer leaving a high-end shop, a well-constructed paper bag reinforces the value of their purchase. It is a tangible extension of the brand's identity. A customer carrying a beautifully designed paper bag becomes a mobile advertisement, a walking endorsement for the store. This branding potential is a powerful tool for retailers looking to build a loyal customer base.

Customization as a Competitive Edge

In the competitive landscape of 2025, differentiation is key. Retailers are constantly seeking ways to stand out. Customizing SOS bags offers a practical and effective solution. Options range from simple one-color logo printing to full-color, edge-to-edge graphics. Handles, whether twisted paper or flat tape, can be added for carrying convenience. The choice of brown or white Kraft paper sets a different tone—brown feels rustic and organic, while white provides a clean canvas for sophisticated designs. By investing in custom packaging, a retailer communicates attention to detail and a commitment to a cohesive brand experience, turning a simple utility into a memorable part of the customer journey.

2. Enhancing Food Service: From Bakeries to Takeout

The food service industry presents a unique set of challenges for packaging. The container must not only hold the product but also preserve its integrity, temperature, and taste. The SOS bag, particularly in its specialized forms, has proven to be an exceptional solution in this domain. Its inherent structure and material properties make it a natural fit for everything from warm bread to a complete takeout meal.

Consider the neighborhood bakery. A warm, crusty loaf of sourdough bread needs to breathe. If sealed in plastic, the trapped moisture would quickly turn the crust soft and soggy. A paper SOS bag, however, allows just enough air to circulate, preserving the bread's texture. The bag’s flat bottom ensures that delicate pastries, like croissants or Danishes, can be placed inside without being crushed. Specialized food-grade SOS bags are often made with grease-resistant paper, preventing unsightly oil stains from seeping through when holding items like donuts or savory pies.

The takeout and food delivery market, which has grown exponentially, relies heavily on the SOS bag's design. The bag's ability to stand upright is invaluable. Multiple rectangular food containers can be stacked neatly inside, minimizing the risk of them shifting and spilling during transit. The gusseted sides expand to hold a family-sized meal, then fold back to keep the contents snug. For a restaurant, ensuring that food arrives at the customer's door in the same condition it left the kitchen is crucial for customer satisfaction and repeat business. The SOS bag is an essential tool in achieving that goal.

Even something as simple as a lunch bag is often a small SOS bag. It is a testament to the design's perfection that it serves as the archetypal container for a sandwich, an apple, and a cookie. The reason is simple: it works. It holds its shape, protects the contents, and is easily disposable. The question of what does SOS bag stand for is answered every day in cafeterias, parks, and office break rooms around the world.

The Role of Material in Food Preservation

The choice of paper is especially important in food applications. For hot and greasy foods, standard Kraft paper may not suffice. This is where innovation in paper technology comes into play. Papers can be coated or treated with food-safe waxes or other natural barriers to increase their resistance to grease and moisture (Asgher et al., 2023). These treatments allow an SOS bag to confidently carry french fries, fried chicken, or saucy dishes without weakening or leaking. Furthermore, paper is a better insulator than single-use plastic, helping to keep hot foods warm and cold foods cool for a longer period.

Sustainability and Consumer Perception

In 2025, consumers are more aware than ever of the environmental impact of their choices. A restaurant that uses paper-based, recyclable packaging is sending a clear message about its values (Dörnyei et al., 2023). Receiving a meal in a sturdy, aesthetically pleasing paper bag feels more premium and responsible than receiving it in a collection of plastic containers within a plastic bag. The SOS bag, made from a renewable resource, is compostable and easily recycled, aligning with the growing consumer demand for sustainable practices. For many food businesses, choosing eco-friendly packaging is no longer just a trend; it is a core part of their brand identity and a key driver of customer loyalty.

3. Pharmaceutical and Health Applications: Ensuring Cleanliness and Order

While less visible than its retail and food service counterparts, the SOS bag plays a quiet yet significant role in the pharmaceutical and health sectors. In this context, the priorities shift from branding and temperature retention to precision, hygiene, and discretion. The very features that make the bag a retail workhorse are repurposed here to meet the stringent demands of healthcare.

When a pharmacist dispenses medication, accuracy and organization are paramount. The flat-bottomed design of a small, white SOS bag allows it to stand securely on the pharmacy counter. The pharmacist can place the prescription bottle, along with any accompanying paperwork or instructions, neatly inside. The bag’s stable structure prevents it from tipping over, reducing the chance of mixing up orders or misplacing items during busy periods. It provides a clean, self-contained package for the patient.

The material itself, typically a crisp, white Kraft paper, conveys a sense of cleanliness and professionalism. Unlike a transparent plastic bag, a paper bag offers privacy. It discreetly conceals the contents, which is a matter of patient confidentiality and dignity. For many people, their medical needs are a private affair, and the opaque nature of the paper bag is a small but important aspect of a respectful healthcare experience.

Beyond the pharmacy, these bags are used in dental offices to give patients samples of toothpaste or floss, or in veterinary clinics to send home pet medications. In any setting where small, important items need to be dispensed in an orderly and hygienic fashion, the SOS bag provides an ideal solution. Its simplicity is its strength. There are no complex closures to fumble with, just a simple, reliable container that does its job effectively. The query, what does SOS bag stand for, finds a serious and practical answer in these controlled environments, where "Self-Opening Sack" translates to reliability and care.

Maintaining a Sterile Chain

In certain medical applications, maintaining a sterile environment is critical. While a standard paper bag is not inherently sterile, it can be part of a sterile packaging system. For instance, sterilized medical instruments are often sealed in a special pouch and then placed in a clean paper bag for transport within a clinical setting. The paper bag acts as an outer layer of protection against dust and contaminants. Its breathability can also be an advantage, preventing condensation from forming inside, which could compromise the sterility of the instruments.

Regulatory Compliance and Information

Pharmaceutical packaging is heavily regulated. Information such as dosage instructions, warnings, and pharmacy contact details must be clearly communicated to the patient. The smooth, flat surface of an SOS bag is an excellent canvas for printing this vital information directly onto the bag or for affixing adhesive labels. This ensures that the essential guidance is physically attached to the medication itself, reducing the risk of it being lost. A well-designed pharmacy bag is not just a carrier; it is an integral part of the medication safety system, reinforcing the pharmacist's instructions and serving as a constant reference for the patient.

4. Agricultural and Bulk Goods: Strength in Simplicity

The utility of the SOS bag extends from the polished floors of city boutiques to the rustic settings of farmers' markets and hardware stores. In these environments, strength and functionality often take precedence over aesthetics. The bag's design proves its worth yet again, providing a robust and practical container for a wide variety of loose, bulk items.

Picture a farmers' market on a weekend morning. Shoppers move from stall to stall, buying fresh produce, nuts, or grains. A vendor selling coffee beans by the pound needs a container that can stand on a scale for accurate measurement. The flat-bottomed SOS bag is perfect for this. It stands stably on the scale, can be filled easily with a scoop, and its paper construction helps protect the delicate, aromatic oils of the coffee beans from light. Similarly, for a customer buying apples or potatoes, a large, heavy-duty Kraft paper SOS bag is strong enough to handle the weight without tearing.

The same principle applies in a hardware or garden supply store. A customer buying a pound of nails, a handful of bolts, or a scoop of specialized fertilizer needs a tough, reliable bag. Multi-wall SOS bags, constructed with two or more layers of paper, offer exceptional strength and puncture resistance. These bags can confidently hold sharp or heavy items that would easily pierce a plastic bag. The paper's slight porosity is also beneficial for items like seeds or bulbs, allowing them to breathe and preventing mold or mildew from developing. The answer to what does SOS bag stand for is, in this context, synonymous with durability.

Adapting to Weight and Volume

The scalability of the SOS bag design is a key advantage for bulk goods. The bags can be manufactured in a huge range of sizes and strengths. The strength is determined by the paper's basis weight (GSM) and the number of layers (or plies) used. A small, single-ply bag might be used for a quarter-pound of tea leaves, while a large, multi-wall bag could be used for 10 pounds of charcoal or animal feed. This adaptability allows businesses to use the most cost-effective packaging for their specific product, without over-engineering or compromising on performance.

The Economics of Bulk Packaging

For sellers of bulk goods, packaging costs are a significant operational expense. SOS bags offer an economical solution. They are inexpensive to produce, and their ability to be stored flat minimizes warehousing space, reducing overhead costs. Their simple, no-frills design means there are no added costs for complex handles or closures. The efficiency they bring to the weighing and packing process also saves on labor costs. For small businesses like a local feed store or a market vendor, these savings are meaningful. The SOS bag provides a professional, reliable packaging solution that supports a lean and efficient business model.

5. The Rise of Customization: Branding and Marketing Power

In its most basic form, the SOS bag is a humble, functional object. However, in the hands of a creative brand, it becomes a powerful marketing tool. The flat, broad surfaces of the bag are essentially blank canvases, offering a prime opportunity to communicate a brand's message, values, and aesthetic. In the crowded marketplace of 2025, transforming a packaging essential into a deliberate branding statement is a sophisticated strategy.

When a customer leaves a store, the bag they carry is the final point of contact with the brand. A generic, unprinted bag completes the transaction, but a custom-printed bag extends the experience. A striking design, a clever tagline, or a beautifully rendered logo can catch the eye of other shoppers, turning the customer into a mobile brand ambassador. This form of word-of-mouth marketing is organic and highly effective. Thinking about what does SOS bag stand for can be expanded to include "Stands Out Superbly" when it is well-designed.

The customization options for eco-friendly paper bags from a leading supplier are vast. The process begins with the choice of material—natural brown Kraft for an earthy, organic feel, or crisp white Kraft for a modern, premium look. From there, printing techniques can range from simple, one-color flexography for a logo to high-resolution, multi-color printing that covers the entire bag with intricate graphics. Some brands even print messages on the gussets, revealing a surprise as the bag is opened. The addition of custom-colored twisted paper or flat tape handles not only adds convenience but also another layer of branding.

This level of customization allows a business to ensure that its packaging is perfectly aligned with its product and its target audience. A toy store might use brightly colored bags with playful characters, while a luxury spa might opt for a minimalist design with an embossed logo and soft ribbon handles. The bag is no longer just a container; it is an integral part of the product's perceived value and the overall brand story.

The Unboxing Experience

In the age of social media, the "unboxing experience" has become a phenomenon. While often associated with e-commerce boxes, the principle applies to retail as well. A beautiful, well-crafted bag contributes to the sense of anticipation and delight that a customer feels. It makes the purchase feel more special. A customer who is impressed by the packaging is more likely to share their experience online, providing the brand with valuable user-generated content and social proof. Investing in high-quality, customized SOS bags is an investment in creating these shareable moments.

Communicating Brand Values

Customization is not limited to visuals. The choice of materials itself communicates a message. A brand that uses SOS bags made from 100% recycled paper and printed with soy-based inks is making a clear and powerful statement about its commitment to sustainability. This can be a major differentiator for environmentally conscious consumers. By printing information about the bag's recycled content or a message encouraging customers to reuse or recycle it, a brand can use its packaging to educate its customers and reinforce its ethical stance. In this way, the humble SOS bag becomes a vehicle for a much larger conversation about corporate responsibility.

Beyond the Bag: The Environmental Imperative of Paper Packaging

The resurgence in the popularity of the paper SOS bag is deeply connected to a global shift in environmental consciousness. For decades, the convenience of the single-use plastic bag overshadowed its profound ecological consequences. As we confront the realities of plastic pollution in our oceans, landfills, and even our bodies, the search for sustainable alternatives has become urgent. The paper bag, an invention of the 19th century, has found new relevance in the 21st.

The primary environmental advantage of paper is its origin. Paper is derived from trees, a renewable resource. When managed responsibly through sustainable forestry practices, such as those certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), the carbon cycle can be kept in balance. Trees absorb carbon dioxide as they grow, and the carbon remains stored in the paper products made from them.

Moreover, the end-of-life scenario for a paper bag is far more benign than that of its plastic counterpart. Paper is biodegradable; left to the elements, it will decompose back into natural fibers in a matter of months. In contrast, a plastic bag can persist in the environment for hundreds of years, breaking down into harmful microplastics that contaminate ecosystems (Wu et al., 2024). The paper SOS bag also fits seamlessly into most municipal recycling programs. The fibers from recycled paper bags can be used to create new paper products, reducing the demand for virgin pulp and saving energy, water, and landfill space.

Of course, the environmental calculus is not without its complexities. The production of paper is water and energy-intensive. However, continuous innovation in the paper industry has led to significant improvements in efficiency and a greater use of renewable energy sources. When comparing the full lifecycle of a paper bag versus a plastic bag—from resource extraction to production, use, and disposal—the case for paper, particularly when it is reused and then recycled, is compelling (Perera et al., 2023).

The simple act of a store choosing to offer envases de papel para alimentos is a vote for a more sustainable model of consumption. It is an acknowledgment that the convenience of a moment should not come at the cost of centuries of environmental harm. Understanding what does SOS bag stand for in 2025 means understanding its role not just as a Self-Opening Sack, but as a Symbol of Sustainability.

Preguntas más frecuentes (FAQ)

What does SOS bag stand for, really?

SOS stands for "Self-Opening Sack." The name comes from its innovative design, which features a flat bottom and gusseted sides, allowing it to be snapped open with a flick of the wrist and stand upright on its own for easy filling.

Are SOS bags actually better for the environment than plastic bags?

Generally, yes. SOS bags are made from paper, a renewable resource. They are biodegradable, compostable, and widely recyclable. While their production is resource-intensive, their end-of-life advantages, particularly in avoiding long-term plastic pollution, make them a more sustainable choice, especially when they are sourced from responsibly managed forests (Dörnyei et al., 2023).

Can an SOS bag hold heavy items without tearing?

Absolutely. The strength of an SOS bag depends on the weight (measured in GSM or basis weight) and construction of the paper. Heavy-duty bags, sometimes made with multiple layers of paper (multi-wall bags), are designed to carry significant weight and are commonly used for groceries, hardware, and bulk goods.

Who invented the SOS bag?

The machine that automates the production of flat-bottomed SOS bags was invented by Margaret E. Knight. She was awarded the patent in 1871 after a legal battle to prove her inventorship, making her a pioneering figure for women in engineering and patent law.

Are all SOS bags safe for direct contact with food?

Not all paper is considered food-grade. For applications like bakeries or takeout restaurants, it is important to use SOS bags specifically designated as "food-safe" or "food-grade." These bags are made from virgin pulp and without harmful chemicals, and they may feature special coatings to resist grease and moisture.

What is the difference between an SOS bag and a regular paper gift bag?

The primary difference is the construction and intended use. An SOS bag is typically made from a single piece of folded and glued paper and is designed for utility and efficiency. A gift bag is often more decorative, may be made from heavier cardstock, and almost always features attached handles, such as rope or ribbon, for a more premium feel.

Can SOS bags be customized for my business?

Yes. Customization is one of the key marketing advantages of SOS bags. They provide an excellent surface for printing logos, brand messages, and full-color graphics. Options for different paper colors, finishes, and handle types allow businesses to create a bag that perfectly matches their brand identity.

Conclusión

The journey to answer the question, "what does SOS bag stand for?" takes us far beyond a simple acronym. It leads us to a story of ingenuity, a lesson in engineering, and a reflection on our modern environmental responsibilities. The "Self-Opening Sack" is more than just a paper bag; it is a testament to the power of thoughtful design. Born from Margaret E. Knight's vision to solve a practical problem, its flat bottom and gusseted sides created a new standard for efficiency and convenience that has endured for a century and a half.

From the bustling checkout lane of a grocery store to the quiet precision of a pharmacy, from the rustic charm of a farmers' market to the polished branding of a luxury boutique, the SOS bag demonstrates a remarkable versatility. Its structure provides stability, its form offers capacity, and its material presents an opportunity—both for creative marketing and for making a responsible environmental choice.

In an era increasingly defined by the search for sustainable solutions, this humble invention has found a renewed and vital purpose. It stands as a practical, accessible alternative to single-use plastics, reminding us that sometimes the best solutions are not the newest, but the ones that have been elegantly serving our needs all along. The SOS bag is a piece of history that we hold in our hands every day, a simple tool that continues to shape our commercial and ecological landscape.

Referencias

Asgher, M., Qamar, S. A., Bilal, M., & Iqbal, H. M. (2023). Bio-based and sustainable food packaging systems: Relevance, challenges, and prospects. Current Research in Food Science, 7, 100588.

Dörnyei, K. R., Uysal-Unalan, I., Krauter, V., Weinrich, R., Incarnato, L., Karlovits, I., Colelli, G., Chrysochou, P., Fenech, M. C., Pettersen, M. K., Arranz, E., Marcos, B., Frigerio, V., Apicella, A., Yildirim, S., Poças, F., Dekker, M., Johanna, L., Coma, V., & Corredig, M. (2023). Sustainable food packaging: An updated definition following a holistic approach. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1119052

Perera, K. Y., Jaiswal, A. K., & Jaiswal, S. (2023). Biopolymer-based sustainable food packaging materials: Challenges, solutions, and applications. Foods, 12(12), 2422. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122422

Purdue University. (n.d.). Changes in the 7th Edition. Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). Retrieved January 15, 2025, from

Wu, X., Liu, P., Shi, H., Wang, H., Huang, H., Shi, Y., & Gao, S. (2024). Applications of biodegradable materials in food packaging: A review. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 67(3), 323–338.